Do I need to pass a language test when coming to the UK from Europe?

If you qualified within the European Union you don't need to pass any test although it might improve your chances of getting the job you want.

If you qualified outside the EU you will have to pass the Professional Language Assessment Board (PLAB) test to get full registration (no matter whether you are a native English speaker or your university taught in English as it applies to Prague or Budapest). The IELTS or TOEFL test can be required, too.